Category Archives: Radiology

A urologist is a physician who specializes in matters related to the bladder. Body parts that these physicians focus on in addition to the bladder include the kidney, genitals in both women and men, as well as the prostate and testicles of males. This specialist works to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases in all ages of the population. Children through the elderly may develop conditions and maladies that need intervention.Here are some common questions for a urologist:What tests do you use? There are various tests that would be utilized depending on the problem. Some common ones are laboratory testing of the urine; manual digital exams; CAT scans, ultrasounds, and MRIs. After a lab test and a manual examination, a doctor would be able to decide which, if any, further tests would be necessary.Why do I experience pain while urinating?This symptom may mean that a UTI is in full swing or an array of other issues. A urinalysis should be able to rule out the simpler reasons and give information on how to proceed.What should be done about blood in the urine? This could be anything from an infection, kidney stones or cancer. This is something that should be immediately brought to the attention of a doctor.Sometimes there is difficulty with emptying the bladder completely; what does this mean? The answer may be a host of reasons. A cystoscopy is a test that will allow for examination of the internal components of the genitourinary system in order to gather data.What does the constant need to run to the bathroom indicate? This could mean anything from diabetes to an enlarged prostrate gland in men. A specialist should be able to make the determination.What about incontinence? This may be solved with a variety of techniques including Kegel exercises, biofeedback or surgical intervention in order to tighten up the muscles in the region.Weve been unable to conceive a child; what should we check for?Both male and female bodies contribute to the conception of a baby and so both would need to be screened for possible problems. Sperm count, semen production, and more are related to the urinary tracts.How are problems with sexual function related to urology?The genitals and reproductive systems are located in this area and are closely linked. Semen and sperm production would need to be checked as well as all mechanisms of the region.What is a neurogenic bladder? This is related to nerve damage. Sufferers of this malady may have to resort to self-catheterization. This is something that should be discussed with the health care practitioner.Urologists are able to diagnose and treat many of these problems and more. Surgeries to reconstruct systems that have broken down are now possible. There are even certain medical facilities that perform some complex procedures using robotics. If a patient is having trouble with any of the functions related to the genitourinary tracts, they should see this specialist. Their primary care doctor or insurance company should be able to recommend reputable providers that are conveniently located.

With the development of biotechnology in the modern information age, humans have conducted more and more in-depth research and development on enzymes. Correspondingly, the application of enzymes in medicine has become more and more extensive. Through a review of recent research papers on the application of enzymes in medicine, it provides certain technical guidance and references for further research on enzymes in human and animal medicine. This article summarizes the application of some enzymes in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases from the aspects of enzymatic diagnosis and medicinal enzymes, confirming the indispensable importance and significance of diagnostic enzyme in our lives.

1. Application of enzymes in disease diagnosis

Enzymology diagnosis is a method to determine the content and changes of certain substances in the body through the catalytic action of enzymes, and to diagnose diseases through changes in the original enzyme activity in the body. Under pathological conditions, when cells are damaged, the enzyme in the cells will be released into body fluids, so the activity and content of enzymes in body fluids can be measured for disease diagnosis. And because of the high efficiency and specificity of enzyme catalysis, the enzymatic diagnosis method is reliable, simple and fast, and has been widely used in clinical diagnosis.

The enzyme detection method mainly detects its activity through the enzyme activity level and the enzyme activity ratio. In general, the content of certain enzymes in the body fluids of healthy people is relatively constant, but when some diseases occur, the activity levels of certain enzymes in the body fluids will change greatly. Therefore, it is possible to make a preliminary judgment on the occurrence and location of the disease by measuring the activity level of specific enzymes in body fluids. The enzyme activity level and the area under the enzyme activity time curve are related to the extent or amount of tissue cell damage. If the enzyme activity increases in a large amount, it indicates a large amount of tissue damage, such as liver and skeletal muscle. The severity of cell damage can be expressed by the ratio of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzyme activities. Severe cell damage or necrosis will cause enzymes in mitochondria to be released into the blood, such as m-AST and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in mitochondria.

Plasma enzyme levels are only obtained through a special structure or tissue in the same organ, and the enzyme activity produced in all cells of the organ is roughly the same. For example, the activity of ALT, ?-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) or GLDH is related to aminotransferase in liver disease, and the ratio of these enzymes can be used for differential diagnosis in acute liver disease. In addition, within a certain range, the ratio of AST/ALT can also reflect the severity and severity of chronic hepatitis. However, when the liver is damaged to a certain degree, the sensitivity of enzymatic detection will be affected.

There are some specific enzymes in different tissues or organs of the human body (these enzymes are mainly synthesized in a certain tissue or organ, but rarely come from other tissues). When a certain disease occurs or cell tissue is damaged, these cells are destroyed, and the synthesis of specific enzymes is reduced and the activity is reduced. Therefore, we can determine the location of disease or cell damage by detecting the activity of some specific enzymes corresponding to a certain organ or tissue contained in body fluids. For example, serum cholinesterase (CHE) is a non-specific esterase that is synthesized by liver cells and released into the blood. When liver cells are diseased or the intestinal-hepatic circulation is impaired, the synthesis of CHE decreases and the activity decreases.

1. Application of enzymes in disease treatment and prevention

Enzymes can be used as drugs to treat many diseases, and enzymes used as drugs for disease treatment and prevention are called medicinal enzymes. As a molecular-level therapeutic drug, enzyme preparations have the characteristics of specificity, high efficiency, and low toxic and side effects. They play an important role in preventing and treating diseases and anti-aging. Fibrinolytic enzymes are proteins with biological activity, which can activate the fibrinolytic system in the body and promote fibrinolysis. They are widely used clinically in the treatment of myocardial infarction and various thrombotic diseases.

Many scholars have isolated fibrinolytic active substances from the metabolites of microorganisms, such as Streptocolcus Hemolytius, Streptokinase, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylokinase and Nattokinase.

1. Application of enzyme catalysis process in pharmacy

Enzyme catalysis, as an important part of chiral technology and green chemistry, has been applied to the production of some chemical drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the enzyme catalysis process has the characteristics of green, high efficiency, mild action conditions, and can be carried out in the water phase, and has high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

In conclusion, traditional chemical process pharmacy has the disadvantages of consumables, time-consuming and labor-intensive, and waste generation. Gradually people began to study biotechnology pharmacy, and the main research object of using biotechnology pharmacy was enzymes. Enzyme reaction has the characteristics of specificity and high efficiency, which can be used for targeted diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It uses the characteristics of specific enzyme catalysis, high efficiency and mild action conditions to produce drugs, and has the advantage of small side effects. This shows that enzymes lie in our lives and have extremely important meaning and status. However, when using enzyme-catalyzed technology to manufacture drugs, it is necessary to know that different enzymes require different reaction conditions. Therefore, the application of more reasonable and easy-to-operate enzyme reactors for industrial production of drugs needs to continue in-depth development and research.

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